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Apprentice Boys of Derry
The Apprentice Boys of Derry is a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership of over 10,000,〔http://www.apprenticeboys.co.uk/about-us〕 founded in 1814 and based in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland. There are clubs and branches in Ulster and elsewhere in Ireland, Scotland, England and Toronto, Canada.〔("Lundy's Day: Thousands due to attend Londonderry parade" ) ''BBC News 1 December 2012〕 The society aims to commemorate the 1689 Siege of Derry when Catholic James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland laid siege to the walled city which was at the time a Protestant stronghold. Apprentice Boys parades once regularly led to virulent opposition from the city's Irish nationalist majority, but recently a more conciliatory approach has taken place and now the parades are virtually trouble-free. The 2014 'Shutting of the Gates' parade was described as "the biggest in years" and was violence-free.〔() 〕〔(Hopes for peaceful march in Derry ) Keiron Tourish, BBC Online, 6 December 2002. Retrieved 28 March 2008〕〔(Quiet end to Lundy's Day parade ) BBC Online, 1 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2008〕
== Siege of Derry ==
(詳細はapprentice boys〔The apprentice boys were named as "Henry Campsie, William Crookshanks, Robert Sherrard, Daniel Sherrard, Alexander Irwin, James Steward, Robert Morison, Alexander Cunningham, Samuel Hunt, James Spike, John Coningham, William Cairnes and Samuel Harvy" in the book ''History of the Siege of Londonderry 1689,'' by Cecil D. Milligan, H. R. Carter Publications, Belfast 1951〕 shut the gates of the city against "a regiment of 1200 Papist, commanded by a Papist, Alexander Macdonnell, Earl of Antrim", which was immediately withdrawn.〔Macaulay, T. B. ''(James the Second's Descent on Ireland and the Siege of Londonderry in 1869 )''. Gebhardt & Wilisch, Leipzig 1902〕 Retaliatory action passed to the Duke of Tyrconnel who assembled a large but poorly ordered Irish force commanded by Sir Richard Hamilton to march north against the Ulster Protestants.〔''Macaulay, T. B. ''(James the Second's Descent on Ireland )'', p.23〕 The deposed King James II, who had travelled from France to Ireland in March, took charge with the aid of two French generals. Arriving at the gates of Derry on 18 April 1689, he was greeted by a cry of "No Surrender!"〔''Macaulay, T. B. ''(James the Second's Descent on Ireland )'', p.47〕 The siege was lifted on 28 July 1689 (Old Style) when two armed merchant ships, the ''Mountjoy'' and the ''Phoenix'', sailed up the River Foyle to breach a timber boom which had been stretched across the river, blocking supplies to the city. The ships' approach was covered against the Irish besiegers by cannon fire from the frigate HMS ''Dartmouth'', under Captain (and future Admiral) John Leake. The ''Mountjoy'' rammed and broke the barricading boom at Culmore fort and the ships moved in, unloading many tons of food to relieve the siege.〔Graham, Rev John (A History of the Siege of Londonderry ) Maclear & Co, Toronto 1869. P.124〕 Three days later, the besieging forces burned their camps and departed.〔''Macaulay, T. B. ''(James the Second's Descent on Ireland )'', pp.85-86〕 It was reported that some 4,000 people (about half the population of the city) had died of starvation or injury. Many had been forced to eat dogs, horses and rats.〔Macaulay, T. B. ''(James the Second's Descent on Ireland )'', pp.81-82〕
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